This paper, with some additional appendices, can be read and downloaded from this link
https://www.dropbox.com/s/75nygwbjfs2hw3u/familiesfromAsch.pdf?dl=0
*************************************************
The following is part one of the story of several families who
emigrated from Asch, a small city and district in Austria’s Bohemian region, to
Pulaski County before the Civil War. The emigration started when two single men
from Asch fled Austria after the failure of the 1848 revolution. These two men
– John Adam Reichardt and John Christopher Geyer -- were the first members of
their families to make their homes in Pulaski County. Others followed. In all,
three Geyer families, one large Reichardt family, and one Penzel family, plus
Wolfgang Wunderlich, a single man from Asch, settled in Pulaski County from
1850 to 1854. In all, by 1857, at least 28 emigrants from Asch had moved to
Pulaski County (although two had moved away by that time). This group
contributed to a sizeable increase in the number of Germanic emigrants in the
county that, according to the 1850 census, numbered only about 136 men, women,
and children.
The emigrants from Asch spent the years before the Civil War
adjusting to their new home. Some were farmers living in rural Pulaski County and
others found jobs in Little Rock. Wherever they were living, they got caught up
in the War and the families, like the rest of the nation, had divided
loyalties: a few Asch emigrants or their spouses served in the Union Army; more
of them were in the Confederate Army. Of all the Asch emigrants, Charles Penzel,
a private in the Southern army, was most affected by the war: he was twice
wounded, once severely, and he spent the last year of the war as a prisoner.
 |
| Postcard showing Geyer Cafe in Asch |
Part one of the story of the families from Asch ends as the
Civil War was coming to a close. The violent and tumultuous times must have
been discouraging for them. However, their fortunes were about to change. As
will be discussed in part two of this story, when the war ended, the families from
Asch prospered, mainly as merchants, and they, along with their spouses, their
children, and their children’s spouses, became the core of the city’s small,
but influential, protestant – mainly Lutheran -- German immigrant community
that for three decades had an outsized impact on Little Rock’s economic
development, social life, and local government.
Arrival of the
Families from Asch
From 1848 to 1857, at least 28 emigrants moved about 5,000
miles from their homes in or near the Bohemian city of Asch to Pulaski County.1 Twenty-seven of them were members of five
families and one was a single person who married into one of the families a few
years after arriving in Little Rock. The families were:
The Johann Martin and Eva Katharine [Kuenzel] Reichardt family. Johann
Martin (1800 – 1884) and Eva
Katharine (1800 – 1858) emigrated to Arkansas along with four sons and three
daughters.2
John Adam Reichardt (1825 – 1884), the
oldest son, was the first to arrive in Little Rock, fleeing arrest for participating
in the failed 1848 Austrian revolution.3 He arrived
in Arkansas in late 1848 or early 1849. His brother Christopher (1823 – 1881) soon
followed him, traveling with Anna Catherine Penzel, who was, or was soon to be,
his wife. They reached New Orleans aboard the Columbus on October 31, 1850, then continued their trip to
Arkansas.4 Another brother, George (1832-1910), crossed
the ocean from Bremen to New Orleans on the Columbia, a ship that arrived on May 19, 1852. Two years later, in 1854,
Johann Martin and Eva Katharine journeyed to the state with three daughters, Adelina
Margaret (1834 – 1909), Louise (1837 – 1910) and Fredericka (1842 – 1911), and
a young son, Edward (1844 – 1883). They departed Bremen on August 18, 1854 and arrived
in New Orleans on October 23rd aboard the Johannes,
then headed by boat to Little Rock.5 In Asch, Johann
Martin had owned a wool textile mill that he sold before leaving.6
The Johann Michael and Sophie Marie [Ludwig] Geyer family. Johann Michael
(1790 – 1856) and Sophie Marie (1791 – 1873) and three of their children emigrated
to Pulaski County. Their oldest son, John Christopher Geyer (1819 – 1878), was
the first of the family to arrive. Like John Adam Reichardt, he left Asch after
the collapse in Austria of the 1848 revolution during which he had “led a
company of revolutionists.” After a short stay in Philadelphia, he traveled in
1849 to central Arkansas, where he lived briefly in Pulaski County before he
bought land along the Arkansas River in Conway County, a few miles southeast of
Lewisburg.7 Johann Michael
and Sophie Marie followed their son to central Arkansas in 1852, departing from
Bremen on the Rebecca, arriving in
New Orleans on October 26, then continuing to Little Rock. With them came their
son John Erhardt (1832 – 1919), and daughter Sophia (1836 – 1916). The family
traveled in relative luxury, occupying a cabin on the ship’s deck.8 Johann Michael had worked as a butcher in
Asch.
The Johann Michael (Papa) and Anna Margaretha Geyer family. Also
aboard the Rebecca in October 1852
was the Johann Michael (1811 – 1892) and Anna Margaretha (1810 – 1876) family.
However, this Geyer family had a less comfortable trip across the Atlantic, traveling
in steerage. In addition to the parents, other family members aboard the ship were
their son John Christian (1845 – 1930) and four daughters, Anna Margartha (1841 – 1870), Ernestine (1838 – 1934), Alvina (1847 –
1927), and Emilie (1850 – 1926). Johann Michael had been a farmer in Asch. In
his later years, this Johann Michael became widely known in Little Rock as
“Papa Geyer,” the owner of a popular beer garden near the Arsenal, and I will
refer to him by that name to differentiate him from the older Johann Michael
Geyer.
Although the two Johann Michael Geyer
families were certainly kin to each other, evidence supports the conclusion that
the older Johann Michael was not the father of the younger Johann
Michael. For one thing, the younger Johann Michael was born in 1811, but the
older Johann Michael did not marry until 1818. Also, none of the obituaries of
the members of either family suggested a close kinship between the two families.
Likely, the older Johann Michael was the uncle of the younger one or the two
men were cousins.
Isaac Geyer and his son George. Isaac (1814 - 1887) and George (1836
- 1880) traveled together from Asch to the United States in 1853. They crossed
the Atlantic Ocean, departing from Bremen, on the Heinrich von Gagern, a ship that landed in New Orleans on October
12th.9
The two men were likely related by
kinship to the two other Geyer families that settled in Pulaski County, but the
nature of the kinship is unclear. Both men were farmers.
The Johann Christof and Maria Elizabeth Penzel family. Johann Christof (1800 – 1857) and Maria
Elizabeth (1803 – 1865) were the parents of Anna Catherina Penzel (1825 – 1870)
and Charles Ferdinand Penzel (1840 – 1906). According to a family history
published in the Pulaski County
Historical Review, Johann C. and Maria E. crossed the Atlantic in 1848 with
their newly married daughter and son-in-law Christopher Reichardt.10 However, this story is contradicted by ship
records showing that Christopher and Anna Catherina took the Columbia to New Orleans in 1850 and
that her parents were not passengers on the ship. In fact, the year Johann
Christof and Maria E. emigrated to Arkansas is a mystery: I have found no
record of their trip to the United States. The main evidence of their presence
in the Pulaski County in the 1850s is the tombstone of Johann C. showing he died
there on July 17, 1857. That year, their teenage son Charles Ferdinand (1840 –
1906) emigrated to the United States. His Wanderbuch
(an official record of his work places in Bohemia) shows that he did not leave Asch
before the end of March 1857, and it is not known if he made it to Pulaski
County before his father died.11 Although
the occupation of Johann Christof before he came to the United States is not
known, it is known that Penzel families were “minor nobility” in the Asch area.12
The single person who emigrated from Asch during this time was Wolfgang Wunderlich (1834 – 1901), who was unmarried when
he traveled to the United States in 1852. His trip from Bremen to New Orleans
was taken with George Reichardt on the Columbia,
arriving on May 19th. In 1857, he would later marry Louisa Reichardt, George’s
sister.
In addition to the members of the families from Asch who
arrived in Central Arkansas before the Civil War, at least two other emigrants
from Asch settled in Pulaski County after the War.13 One was Christopher C. Geyer (1847-1900), a young
farmer who arrived in 1866 and settled on land near Isaac Geyer in southern
Pulaski County. The other was Adam C. Penzel (1859-1932), a butcher, who emigrated
alone to Little Rock in 1879.14 Both of
these Asch emigrants spent the rest of their lives in Pulaski county. Their
relation to the families already in the County is not clear from the available
evidence.15
Although the only documented relationships among the members
of the families from Asch were the marriage of Christopher Reichardt and Ann
Katherina Penzel followed by the marriage of Louise Reichardt and Wolfgang Wunderlich,
other kinship relations – close and distance – undoubtedly existed. They were
inevitable: the Geyer, Penzel, Kuenzel, Ludwig, and Wunderlich families had
deep roots in the Asch area, and intermarriages between families with those
surnames had taken place for more than a century.16 Whatever their kinships, the families certainly
knew each other before they came to the United States, and their emigration to the
Pulaski County suggests they had either agreed to emigrate to the same area or
were mutually influenced to settle near each other. If nothing else, they probably found comfort
in having people they knew living near them as that adapted to their new
situation.
 |
| Photo of John Christoper Geyer |
Likely, the decisions of John A. Reichardt and John C. Geyer
to settle in central Arkansas influenced others from Asch to do the same. But an
unanswered question is why the two men chose to emigrate to such an
out-of-the-way place. Of the 2,000 to 10,000 48ers who fled Germany and Austria
in the wake of the collapsed revolutions, most emigrated to cities such as St.
Louis, Cincinnati, and Milwaukee where large numbers of German-speaking
immigrants already lived.17 In
contrast, when Reichardt and Geyer arrived in Pulaski County, only about 559 of
Arkansas’ 162,797 free residents (.034%) and about 136 of Pulaski County’s 4,538
free residents (3.0%; the county had another 1,119 enslaved residents) had been
born in a German, Austrian, or Swiss “state.”18 These two Asch refugees were – the best I can
tell – the only 48ers who settled in Arkansas, and they were among only a few
who ended up in Deep South states.19
Whatever reason they had for emigrating to a place with so
few German-speaking residents, once in central Arkansas, Reichardt and Geyer
probably wrote letters home that encouraged their families to emigrate there.
Perhaps more such letters were sent by Christopher Reichardt and Anna Katherina
Penzel Reichardt after this married couple settled in the county.
The arrival of the families from Asch in Pulaski County increased
the number of German-speaking immigrants in the county by nearly twenty percent,
and the new arrivals were important additions to the community not only because
they were educated and had some wealth, but also because the family members
included eight young unmarried females and eight bachelors. Such unmarried
women were welcome in a place that had a sizable number of single men in its small
German/Austrian-born population.20 Also the
unmarried men from Asch, once they established themselves, were attractive to the
daughters in families that had emigrated earlier to the area.
First Years in
Pulaski County
The 1850s were a time for the new emigrants from Asch to
adapt to their new country. The first arrivals, John C. Geyer and John A.
Reichardt, remained in Pulaski County for only a short time. As mentioned,
Geyer bought a long stretch of riverfront land in Conway County and started
farming there. After a few years in the county, Reichardt married Anna
Margareta Spindler and moved with her to
Boonville, Missouri.
Christopher and Anna Katherina Reichardt took up farming on
land near Granite Mountain Springs, a few miles due south of Little Rock. They eventually
settled on a farm near the Primrose Cemetery, living close to several other German-speaking
immigrants.21
When Christopher’s parents, Johann
Martin and Eva Katherine Reichardt, arrived in 1854, they bought a farm near
their son and daughter-in-law, and lived there with their three daughters and
son. In 1856, Christopher claimed a 43-acre homestead in the Primrose area,
then he added acreage to it in 1859 (44.0 acres) and 1861 (38.2 acres) by
purchasing land cheaply from the federal government.22 When Eva Katherine --
Christopher’s mother and Johann Martin’s wife – passed away on July 26, 1858,
she was buried in the Primrose cemetery near her home.
Although the exact year of their arrival in Pulaski County
is not known, Johann Christof and Marie Elizabeth Penzel made a home sometime
in the 1850s in the Primrose area near their daughter Anna Christina Penzel
Reichardt.23
Upon John Christof’s death in 1857, he
was buried at the Primrose cemetery and Marie Elizabeth, the 1860 census
showed, moved in with her daughter’s family.
Isaac and George Geyer also settled on farms near Granite
Mountain, but not by the Primrose cemetery. Their farms were within a couple of
miles of the Christopher and John M. Reichardt farms and were in the same
township (Union Township).
Papa Geyer and his family did not locate in the Primrose
community or in Union Township. Instead, he acquired a farm in Big Rock
Township, a few miles north of Granite Mountain and further to the west of the
city. He and his family lived there until the start of the Civil War.
Johann Michael and Maria Sophie Geyer, after reaching
Pulaski County in 1852, made their home in Little Rock where their son John
Erhardt and daughter Sophia had settled. Johann Michael was the first of the
Asch immigrants to pass away, dying on November 20, 1856, and was buried in Little
Rock’s Mt. Holly cemetery. After he died, his wife Maria Sophie moved in with the
family of her daughter Sophia, who had married Joseph C. Schader in 1853.
Four of the young men who emigrated from Asch made their
homes in Little Rock. John E. Geyer – the son of a butcher – quickly found
employment as a butcher, working for Louis (Loui) George’s butcher shop. After a few years there, he acquired
George’s butcher shop in a partnership with his brother-in-law Joseph C.
Schader. Later, near the end of the decade, John E. opened a tannery.24
George Reichardt, who had been a classmate of John E. Geyer
back in Asch, also lived in Little Rock when he was not driving cattle from
Texas to sell in California. Later In his life, he told stories of how he had
made a big profit with his first cattle drive when beef was scarce in
California, but had lost money on his last drive because by that time the state
had plenty of local beef.25 When not driving cattle, he worked as a
merchant in Little Rock and lived
in a boarding house there.
Wolfgang Wunderlich, who had learned carpentry in Asch
before emigrating in 1852, worked as a cabinet maker after settling in Little
Rock. In 1856, he joined the U.S. Army for a five-year enlistment, serving as a
carriage maker at the Little Rock Arsenal.26
Charles Penzel, after arriving in Little Rock in the middle
of 1857, found a job as a carpenter, working for Henry Fisher (Fischer), a
German immigrant who had for many years owned a saloon in the city and was at
the time a successful “master carpenter.” The 1860 census showed Penzel living
with Henry and Catherine Fisher and their eight children whose ages ranged from
2 to 20 years. (Catherine was a sister of Loui George.)
As the 1850s progressed, several of the unmarried Asch
emigrants found husbands and wives. The first to marry was Sophia Geyer who, as
mentioned earlier, wedded Joseph C. Schader in 1853. Born in 1830, He came in
1840 with his parents to Little Rock from Hesse-Darmstadt. The 1850 census showed
him living with Loui George and his family. He also worked for George’s butcher
shop. He moved in the early 1850s to Napoleon, Arkansas for a brief time, where
he opened a business. Shortly after returning to Little Rock, he married Sophia
and in 1854, as mentioned above, bought Loui George’s butcher business in a partnership
with John E. Geyer, Sophia’s brother.27
In 1856, Isaac Geyer married Kisirah Nail, who had been born
in Alabama. They lived on Geyer’s farm in Union Township.
In 1857, six members of the families from Asch got married.
They included George Geyer, who married Kasey (family name unknown) and John
Christopher Geyer, who, living on his farm in Conway County, married Nancy
Adeline (family name unknown). Both Kasey and Nancy Adeline had been born in the
United States. Both families continued to live on their farms.
The other marriages in 1857 were:
March 30: John Erhardt Geyer married Helene Marie Eliza
Struve, born in 1835, who had emigrated in about 1847 from Hanover with an
older sister, Amelia (1829 – 1858), and an older brother, August (1831 – 1876).
They had settled in Little Rock where her brother had become a merchant.
April 16: Ernestine Geyer married
Ferdinand Baer, a German emigrant who was a carpenter and undertaker. Baer, born in 1825, had emigrated from
Baden-Wuerttemberg to the United States in 1854 and settled in Little Rock that
year, starting his own business.28
June 30: Adelina Reichardt married
Frederick Kramer, an emigrant from Halle or its vicinity in Prussia’s Saxony.
Born in 1829, he came to the United States in 1848 and on July 27, 1857
completed a five-year enlistment in the U.S Army during which he had been
stationed in Indian Territory (Oklahama). Three months after the marriage, he
rejoined the U.S. Army to be a carriage maker at the Arsenal.29
October 24. Louisa Reichardt
married Wolfgang Wunderlich, one of the emigrants from Asch. A carpenter, he had
joined the U.S. Army on May 31, 1856 and was stationed at the Little Rock
Arsenal as a carriage maker with army’s ordinance division.30
The last marriage before the Civil War was on April 16, 1860.
Anna Margaretha Geyer, Ernestine’s sister, married Francis J. Ditter, a man
more than twice her age. She was his second wife. His first wife had been Amelia
Struve, who had died in 1858. Amelia was the sister of Eliza Struve, who had
married John E. Geyer in 1857. Ditter was born in Baden in 1817 and had
emigrated to the United States in the 1840s.
He had joined the U.S. Army on May 18, 1846 and was sent to the Little
Rock, classified as a carriage maker. He had married Amelia on February 22,
1849. When he completed his five-year enlistment on May 15, 1851, he and his
family remained in Little Rock to open a business that made and sold carriages,
coffins, and other such goods, plus provided undertaking services.31
As 1860 -- the last full year before the start of the Civil
War -- ended, the families from Asch had made progress in adapting to their new
home. They had bought farms or found jobs. started families and businesses and
established themselves as solid citizens. Likely they missed some aspects of
their lives in Asch: Pulaski County had no Lutheran Church for them to attend
and lacked the social clubs and organizations that had been available in their
previous home. Also some of them who lived on farms were isolated from the
larger population because they did not speak English.32 Nevertheless, the Asch immigrants had planted
promising roots in their new homeland, and those who had married had added at
least fifteen babies to the community of Asch emigrants.
The Civil War Arrives
When the Civil War arrived in 1861, the families from Asch
were not united in their loyalties. Two of the immigrants joined Union forces
and three of them, plus the husbands of two women from Asch, volunteered – at
least briefly -- for the Confederate Army, even though no members of any of the
Asch families, nor of the new families created by marriage, owned slaves. Most Asch
emigrants managed to avoid serving in either army.
The most pro-Union family from Asch was the Reichardt family.
The oldest son, John Adam, volunteered for the Union army, and despite being in
his late 30s when the war started, served as a commissary sergeant for the 29th
Missouri Volunteer Infantry.33 Also, Wolfgang Wunderlich,
the husband of Louisa, served in the Union Army. He rejoined the army following
the completion of five years at the Little Rock Arsenal and spent the war years
outside of Arkansas serving in the ordinance department of the Union Regular
Army.34
 |
| Newspaper Photograph of George Reichardt |
Other Reichardt family men did not serve in either army.
Christopher had a large family to support and would have been an old recruit.
Edward was only sixteen when the war started and was able to avoid the army in
the years that followed. George was a prime age to be a soldier when the war
started, but his whereabouts during the war is not mentioned in his obituaries
or other stories about him. I have found
no records showing that he served in either army. Perhaps he was in California
during the war years.35
Kramer, the husband of Adelina, had joined Little Rock’s
militia, the Capitol Guards in 1860 after he left the U.S. Army to start a
grocery store. When the war started In 1861, he resigned from the Guards just
before the unit was incorporated into the Confederate Army as Company A of the
Sixth Arkansas Infantry Regiment.36 However,
in an advertisement published in the Arkansas
Gazette in May, 1861, after the war had started, he and his business
partner, Ferdinand Sarasin, announced they would be selling all of their goods
so they could close their grocery store and join the Southern army.37 Although Kramer never became a rebel soldier, he
professed support for the Southern cause.
Papa Geyer’s family had little involvement in the Civil War.
His son, John Christian, born in 1845, was too young for military service when
the war started, and stayed out of service as he grew older. The spouse of his daughter
Ernestine, Francis Ditter, the former U.S. Army soldier, was over 40 years old
when the war started and did not join an army. His other son-in-law, Ferdinand Baer,
was 34 years old when the war started.
Like Kramer and Sarasin, he had been in the Capitol Guards, but had left
it before it became part of the Confederate Army. Nevertheless, he served
briefly in the Confederate Army: The
main evidence of his service is a claim submitted by Anna Margareta, his widow,
in 1928 for a confederate army pension. Also, documents show “F. Baer” and
“Ferdinand Joseph Baer” was a soldier in Company A of the 13th Infantry
Regiment of the Arkansas Militia, but list no dates of service.38 Baer’s obituary did not mention any service in
the Civil War.
Some members of the other Geyer families supported the
confederacy. John Erhardt Geyer, the son of the deceased Johann M. Geyer, along
with his brother-in-law Joseph Schader, the husband of Sophia Geyer, served,
briefly, in the Confederate Army. John E. joined Company A of the 6th
Arkansas Infantry, the former Capitol Guards, but after serving a month was,
according to his obituary, “on request of his officers, detailed to take charge
of his own tanyard in Little Rock, and he helped to supply the Confederate army
with leather materials, of which it was greatly in need….” Geyer operated his
tannery until September 1863 when Federal troops entered the city. They arrested
him and, according to his obituary, he was a war prisoner for a short time.39 (John Erhardt’s older brother,
Christopher, was 38 years old when the war started and did not join either
army.)
Joseph Schader, John E.’s brother in law and former business
partner, perhaps participated in the war on the Southern side. Although his
name cannot be found on a comprehensive list of soldiers in the Civil War, his
obituary stated that he was “in confederate service…being connected with
hospital service.”40
In the third Geyer family, Isaac – in his 50’s – was too old
for military service, but George volunteered in February 1862 for Woodruff’s
Battery in the Arkansas Artillery, then served as a private in Marshall’s
Battery (also known as the Pulaski Battery) of the Arkansas Light Artillery. His
length of service is not given in the military records I located.41
Of all the emigrants from Asch, Charles Penzel experienced
the war most intensely. Although he had arrived in the United States only a few
years before the war started, he volunteered for service in September 1862, fought
in several battles, was twice wounded, and was held as a prisoner of war for
more than a year. His service was described in his obituary:
[Mr. Penzel] entered the ranks of
the Confederacy as a private in Company A, of the Sixth Arkansas [Infantry]….During
the war Mr. Penzel was in the thick of the fighting, was wounded at Shiloh,
severely wounded at Chickamauga, and there captured. He was taken to
Chattanooga where he remained for five months, after which he was taken to Rock
Island, Ill., where he was held a prisoner of war until the close of
hostilities.42
Among his wrenching experiences during the war, he lost his
friend Henry Fisher Jr., son of Henry and Catherine Fisher, with whom Charles
had lodged before the start of the war.43 Both he
and Henry, plus Henry’s younger brother (Charley) were in the same company, the
former Capitol Guard. The anguish caused
by Henry’s death was apparent in a draft letter dated January 10, 1863 from
Wartrace, Tennessee, that he penciled in his Wanderbuch. He wrote:
It is with sorrow this time to
write the sad news about the death of Henry who fell on the 31st day
of December in the battle of Murfreesboro. He fell in the first charge as I
have heard for I was not in the battle myself. I am detailed to serve since the
middle of November in the commissary department. It was on the second when I
heard of him but was not permitted to go to the battlefield to take care of his
body. I anscious [sic] waited to see Charley [another son of Henry Sr.] who was
engaged in the hospital but on the third we received orders to leave
Murfreesboro….I only felt my heart filled with sorrow mourning the loss of a
friend who fell for his country not even able to do anything for him.44
Nine months after the Battle of Murfreesboro, Penzel
suffered a traumatic wound at Chickamauga, on September 20, 1863, that “came
near ending his existence.” As described in his obituary, “He was struck in the
mouth with a large ball, which passed through his head, coming out at the base
of the skull.”45 According to the story told by his
great grandson, the poet Charles Penzel Wright, Jr., the
bullet entered his mouth as he yelled “charge.”46
The wounded Penzel was captured and stayed in captivity until the end of
the war. Soon after he arrived back in Little Rock, he signed, on June 24,
1865, a loyalty oath.47 He was
ready to move on in his life.
 |
| Newspaper photograph of Charles Penzel accompanying 1909 Obituary |
As the Civil War was ending, it would have been reasonable
for the families from Asch to have second thoughts about their decisions to
leave their homes in Asch to settle in the new world. The war had brought them hardships
and divisions. It had placed their family members in opposing armies. It had
disrupted their hopes for better lives for themselves and their children. Fortunately
for them, although they did not know it at the time, their luck had already
begun to change.
As Little Rock prospered in the years following the war, the
families from Asch would find great success as merchants in the city. The first
and biggest step toward future accomplishments was the opening of a grocery
store on Little Rock’s Main Street in November 1863, a couple of months after
the city had been occupied by Federal troops. The store’s name was the Kramer
& Miller Family Grocery Store and Bakery, and it would enrich several of
the Asch families and prepare others to open their own successful stores. From
this foundation, the Asch families would become leaders of the protestant
German community in Little Rock and would make important contributions to the
economic, religious, and social life of the city in the decades following the
Civil War.
Footnotes
1. In the 1850s, Asch was a city and
district on the western edge of Bohemia, a region in the Austrian-Hungarian
empire. Then, as now, the city was located near the north end of a narrow
peninsula – a finger-shaped protuberance – that extends into Germany. To its
north, west, and east, the city was and is located just a few miles from German
borders.
In a census conducted in 1858, the population
of the city of Asch was 7,420. The larger district of Asch that included the
city and surrounding area, had a population of 23,589 (source: http://www.asch-boehmen.de/d/index.php?seite=1_1
). Most of the city and district residents spoke German and had German
ancestry. A 1921 census found that ninety-nine percent of Asch’s population was
considered to be “German” (Statistický lexikon obcí v
Čechách (Statistical
handbook of the municipalities in Bohemia), part of the Statistický lexikon obcí v Republice Československé (Statistical handbook of the municipalities in the
Czechoslovak Republic), 2nd ed., vol. 1 (Prague, 1924).
See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1 .
After World War I, Asch became part of
Czechoslovakia. The spelling of the city name was de-Germanized, changed to
“Aš.” In the 1930s after Hitler seized power, German nationalists wanted
“Sudetenland” -- areas in Czechoslovakia, like Aš, in which most residents were
ethnic Germans – to be brought into Germany, and in 1938 Germany’s Nazi regime forcibly annexed
Sudetenland into the Third Reich. After the end of World War II, the new
government in Czechoslovakia forced almost all ethnic Germans living in the
Sudetenland to leave the country. The population of Aš.changed from 22,930 in
1930 to 11, 378 in 1947. The city’s population in 2016 was 13,227.
2. These emigrants from Asch had,
mainly, traditional German names with German spelling. After they came to the
United States, most altered their names to conform with English usage. For
example, Johann became John, Christof became Christopher, and Edvard became
Edward.
With few exceptions, I use the Americanized
names of the emigrants. Among the exceptions are the first names of the parents
of the families who came to the United States with their children. Thus, I
refer to Johann Martin Reichardt and Johann Michael Geyer, but substitute John
for Johann when referring to their various sons.
The spelling of some names change from source
to source. The main problem is the interchanging of “a” and “e.” For example,
the name of one Reichardt daughter is sometimes spelled “Adaline” and sometime
“Adelina.” Similar differences in
spelling can be found with the names of Margaretha, Catherina (Katherina), and
Sophia, with “a’s” and “e’s” changing. In other places, the “K” is changed to
“C” (e.g., Carl instead of Karl) and “pf” changed to “f” (Christoph to
Christof).
3.
John Adam Reichardt’s role in the 1848 uprising was not mentioned in a
biographical sketch on the Reichardt family written by Fay Hempstead in his Historical Review of Arkansas (vol. 3,
pp. 1534-1535), nor was it mentioned in his
obituary. It was noted decades later in a 1929 newspaper article about the
celebration of Carl Schurz Day. This article asserted, fancifully, that John A.
Reichardt had fled to the United States with Carl Schurz, one of the leaders of
the 1848 revolution who later was a Union Army general and then had a
distinguished career in public service in the United States. According to the
article:
In 1848, Carl
Schurz took an active part in the revolution in Germany…. With him in the
revolutionary movement was John Adam Reichardt who later came to this country
with Schurz. Mr. Reichardt came to what is now the city of Little Rock, while
Schurz went to Wisconsin, and later made his home in Watertown, Wisc.
Schurz, fleeing arrest following the collapse
of the 1848-49 uprising, first went to Paris and then to London before
emigrating to the U.S. in August 1852. John Adam had already been in Arkansas
for a couple of years by the time Schurz arrived in Wisconsin. “Carl Schurz Day
to be Observed.” Arkansas Gazette,
March 3, 1929, p. 45.
Fay Hempstead. 1911. Historical Review of Arkansas: Its
Commerce, Industry and Modern Affairs, Volume 3. Lewis Publishing co. pp
1534-1535. https://books.google.com/books/about/Historical_Review_of_Arkansas.html?id=hD9EAQAAMAAJ
4. The couple married soon before or
soon after the two arrived in Arkansas. On the ship’s registry, she is listed
as “Catherine Penzel” with the name “Christopf Reichardt” following hers,
suggesting they were not married at the time.
New Orleans, Passenger Lists,
1813-1963 [database
on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2006. (See Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at New
Orleans, Louisiana, 1820-1902; Series: M259; Roll #32)
5. All the information on the ship
journeys of the Asch families from Bremen to New Orleans was found through
searches of the following Ancestry.com data base: New
Orleans, Passenger Lists, 1813-1963 [database
on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2006.
Also
see, Immigrant Ships Transcribers
Guild: Ship Johannes
6.
According to a newspaper article published in 1939, Johann M. Reichardt
had owned a “woolen mill” in Asch, a textile manufacturing center. The article
says he sold the mill “in order that he might come of the United States.” See
Lucy Marion Reaves. “Glimpse of Yesterday.” Arkansas Gazette, December 10, 1939, p. 23.
On the passenger list of the Johannes, his
occupation was listed as “Oeconom,” which probably means economist.
7. John Christopher Geyer “commanded a
military organization in the [1848] revolution and was compelled to flee to the
US,” according to Fay Hempstead. 1911. Historical
Review of Arkansas, vol. 2. Lewis Publishing co. p. 753. (Available at
https://books.google.com/books?id=Sz9EAQAAMAAJ
) His role in the 1848 revolution (“he
led a company of revolutionists”) was mentioned in the obituary of his younger
brother, John E. Geyer. See “Pioneer Merchant of the City Succumbs.” Arkansas Gazette, Dec. 29, 1919, p. 2.
The 1860 census showed Geyer living in Welborn
Township in Conway County; in 1870 his home was in nearby Howard Township. In
1875, he was appointed postmaster of Plummers Station, a stage coach and train
stop in Howard Township. In 1880, Plummer Station was incorporated as
Plumerville.
8.
Ancestry.com. New Orleans,
Passenger Lists, 1813-1963 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.,
2006. (See Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at New Orleans, Louisiana,
1820-1902; Series: M259; Roll #36)
9.
The exact relationship of these two men is not documented. Their ages
and the fact they traveled together suggest they were father and son. See Ancestry.com. New Orleans,
Passenger Lists, 1813-1963 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.,
2006. (See Passenger Lists of
Vessels Arriving at New Orleans, Louisiana, 1820-1902; Series: M259; Roll 38)
10. See Mrs. Arthur R. Connerly. 1964. “The
Christopher Reichardt Family.” Pulaski
County Historical Review, 12, pp. 51-53.
According to this article by a
descendent of the Christopher Reichardt Family, “The first of the Reichardt
family to come to America was Christopher. He lived with his parents and
brothers and sisters in a small town called Asch, in Bohemia, Germany, and was
in love with Miss Anna Penzel of the same town.”
The article then tells the story of how
Christopher made it to the United States:
“… [the] Penzels were coming to American by sailship, of course, and
Christopher wanted to come along. He begged and pleaded with Father Penzel, but
Mr. Penzel didn’t think it was wise for a young couple, unmarried, to be so
long on the ocean together. Finally Father Penzel said, ‘Well if you young
people want to marry before we go, Chistropher may come along.’ So, at 4:00
o’clock in the morning, just before the ship sailed, Christopher and Anna were
married. And they came to American in 1848.”
In considering the accuracy of this story, note
that Asch was in Austria, not Germany; John A. Reichardt was likely the first
in his family to travel to the United States, arriving in 1848 or 1849; and
ship records show that Anna Catherine and Christopher sailed to the United
States in 1850 and the father and mother of Catherine Penzel were not listed as
passengers on the ship (see footnote 4).
11. Penzel’s Wanderbuch shows, with a dated entry, that he was in Asch in March,
1857. His father, Johann Christof Penzel, died in Little Rock on July 17, 1857.
(The Wanderbuch is an item in the Penzel family collection, BC.MSS.11.01, Butler Center for
Arkansas Studies, Arkansas Studies Institute.)
12. Charles Penzel Wright, Jr., the
great-grandson of Charles F. Penzel, referred to his great grandfather as
“minor nobility” in an interview published in The Paris Review in 1989. Wright achieved renown as a poet, serving
as U.S. poet laureate in 2014-2015 and winning the Pulitzer Prize for poetry in
1998. See J.D. McClatchy (interviewer).
“Charles Wright. 1989. The Art of Poetry No. 41.” The Paris Review, issue 113, Winter. (accessed on-line).
13.
More emigrants from Asch made the journey to Little Rock, but my
research has not discovered their fates. Six such emigrants were on the Columbia with George Reichardt and
Wolfgang Wunderlich in 1852. They were Johann Precht, age 20, a weaver from
Asch, and Adam and Margaretha Heilman, both age 40, who were traveling with two
small children from Rossbach (now Hranice), a small city a few miles north of
Asch. On the ship’s list of passengers, Precht and the Heilmans specified
Little Rock as their travel destination. Other travelers from Asch heading to
Little Rock were Christine Jäger, age 28, who traveled with the Johann M. and
Sophia Geyer family on their 1852 transatlantic trip. Also on board the ship
was John Wolfbrell, age 20, from Asch. In the ship’s records, he listed
Arkansas as his destination. On the 1854 ocean journey of the Reichardt family,
Maria Pfeiffer, age 20, from Asch, was listed as traveling with them to
Arkansas.
14. Adam
Penzel departed on March 19, 1879 from Hamburg traveling to New York on the
Silesia. See Ancestry.com. New Orleans,
Passenger Lists, 1813-1963 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.,
2006.
15. Adam Penzel apparently was not
closely related to Charles Penzel, whose obituary in 1906 did not mention Adam,
who was by that time a successful and well-known Little Rock butcher, as a
relative. Also, Adam was not a pall bearer at Charles Penzel’s funeral. Adam
Penzel did name his first son “Charles.” See “Last Rites for Charles Penzel.” Arkansas Democrat, February 20, 1906,
p. 8.
16. Several connections by marriage among
the Geyer, Wunderlich, Kuenzel, and Penzel families can be found when exploring
genealogy websites. However, Reichardt was an uncommon last name in Asch,
suggesting that Johann Martin was born elsewhere and had moved to Asch from
Germany.
17. Estimates of the number of 48ers who
emigrated to the United States range from 2,000 to 10,000. Either of those
numbers is small compared to the estimated 200,000 Germans who emigrated
contemporaneously to the United States from 1848 to 1850. Despite the
relatively small number of 48ers who came to the U.S., they had a tremendous
impact on the nation as politicians, writers, newspaper editors, and opinion
leaders, and through their participation in the Union Army during the Civil
War. See the following books: Carl Wittke. 1952.
Refugees of Revolution: The German
Forty-Eighters in America. University of
Pennsylvania Press
and Don
Heinrich Tolzmann. 1998. The
German-American Forty-Eighters, 1848-1998. Indiana German
Heritage Society.
To sample present day assessments of 48ers,
see the following: Kent Logson. From Rebels to Democrats – A New Assessment
of an Old Relationship. German-American Relations from 1848 to Today.
Gustav-Stresemann-Institute e.V Bonn Symposium, Berlin, March 19, 2018,
accessed at https://de.usembassy.gov/rebels-democrats/
18. Jonathan J.
Wolfe. 1973. “The Peopling of Pulaski: Pulaski County Population Sources and
Composition 1830-60.” Pulaski County
Historical Review, 21, pp. 51-52.
Shirley Sticht Schuette. 2005. Strangers to the Land: The German Presence
in Nineteenth Century Arkansas, A Thesis submitted to the Graduate School
University of Arkansas at Little Rock in partial fulfillment of requirements
for the degree of Master of Arts in Public History, pp. 35-38.
19. Several other emigrates (e.g., Frederick Kramer) came to United States in 1848 and 1849, but they were not refugees fleeing Europe in the aftermath of the Revolution. Of course the political and economic conditions that led to the 1848 Revolution were also factors that led to increasing emigration from German and Austrian states.
20. The 1860 census showed that 63 single men born in Germany or Austria were living in Pulaski County.
21. All of their nearby neighbors were from Germany or Austria. Among them were the families of George Blank and Daniel Rauch, who, according to the 1860 census, were from Austria, and the George Peil family from “Germany.”
The Primrose cemetery was established in 1843 on land donated by George Peil after he buried a son there. In 1867, the Primrose Baptist Church was built on land next to the cemetery. See Jefferson I. Dorough. 1983. “George Daniel Peil and Early German Immigrants in Pulaski County.” Pulaski County Historical Review, Fall, pp. 55-57. Also see, https://www.primroseumc.org/our-heritage
22. Information on the land granted and sold to Christopher Reichardt is found in a search of this Ancestry.com data base: United States, Bureau of Land Management. Arkansas, Homestead and Cash Entry Patents, Pre-1908 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com, 1997.
24. Fay Hempstead. 1911. Historical Review of Arkansas: Its Commerce, Industry and Modern Affairs, vol. 2 Lewis Publishing co. pp. 753-754. (Available at https://books.google.com/books?id=Sz9EAQAAMAAJ )
For more on Louis George and his family, who had come to Little Rock in 1833 as part of the Mainzer Emigration Society, see Dan Durning. 1975. “Those Enterprising Georges: Early German Settlers in Little Rock.” Pulaski County Historical Review, 32(2), June, pp. 21-37.
25. “Geo. Reichardt, Old Citizen, Dead.” Arkansas Gazette, June 15, 1910, p. 7; “George Reichardt was one of the leading business men of Little Rock.” Arkansas Gazette, Nov. 7, 1931, p. 56; and “George Reichardt (obituary).” Arkansas Staatszeitung, June 17, 1910.
26. Wunderlich enlisted on May 21, 1856. Ancestry.com. U.S. Army, Register of Enlistments, 1798-1914 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2007.
27. See “Married.” Weekly Arkansas Gazette, Nov 11, 1853, p. 3 and “Jos. C Schader. Pioneer Resident Passed Away Yesterday.” Arkansas Democrat, Nov. 14, 1902 p. 2. Also see “Mrs. Sophia Schader (obituary).” Arkansas Democrat, January 3, 1916, p.6.
28. Ferdinand Baer Sr. (obit). Arkansas Democrat, February 15, 1912, p. 10.
29. For more on Kramer, see http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?search=1&entryID=12300
30. The last three of these four 1857 weddings were conducted by Washington L. Lewis, a Pulaski County Justice of the Peace.
After their marriages, Louisa and her sister
Adelina lived with their husbands in the Little Rock Arsenal barracks until
October 1859 when Kramer was allowed to leave the army before the expiration of
his five-year term. The Wunderlich family stayed in the barracks until his
release from service, effective February 1, 1861, just a week before the
commander of the Little Rock Arsenal surrendered it to avoid an attack by an
enraged mob. See David Sesser. 2013. The Little Rock Arsenal Crisis, The
History Press.
When Kramer left the army, he and Adelina
moved to a living space above the grocery store he had opened on Main Street in
November 1859 with his friend Ferdinand Sarasin, a German immigrant.
31. Note that Kramer had taken the same duties as a carriage maker at the Arsenal that Ditter had had previously. In early 1857, when Kramer had moved to Little Rock as his first term as a soldier was ending, he had applied for U.S. citizenship. Ditter was one of men who signed his application, attesting to Kramer’s good character.
Four of the men who married women from Asch
had in common their work as carriage makers and carpenters. Ditter, Kramer, and
Wunderlich served as carriage makers at the arsenal, and Ditter, Baer, and
Wunderlich made and sold carriages, coffins, and other wooden products.
32. When the 1860 census was taken, the report noted that the members of the Christopher and Johann Martin Reichardt households could not read or write English. However, the lack of English skills was not a big problem for them. Most of their nearby neighbors had also immigrated from Germany or Austria, so it was possible to socialize with them in German. Also, when they needed supplies or other goods, they could get them at Little Rock stores that were owned and operated by German immigrants.
33. Information on John Adam Reichardt’s service was mentioned in testimony he gave on behalf of Issac Bott, a German immigrant living in Little Rock, who had filed a claim in hopes of getting paid for a load of sugar that Federal troops had taken from him in September 1863. See Ancestry.com. U.S. Southern Claims Commission, Disallowed and Barred Claims, 1871-1880 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2007.
34. National Park Service. U.S. Civil War Soldiers, 1861-1865 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2007.
35. One of Christopher and Johann Martin’s neighbors, George Blank, listed in the 1860 census as being from Austria, lost one of his sons, George, who was killed while serving in the Union Army in 1865. He is buried in the Little Rock National Cemetery.
36. See Calvin L. Collier. 1961. First In – Last Out: The Capital Guards. Pioneer Press (Little Rock).
37. The advertisement, dated May 31, 1861, was headlined, “War! War! War!” and declared in the first sentence, “Both of us are anxious to join the army and hereby announce to be public that we offer our entire stock of Groceries and Provision at moderate cost.” The ad, published in the Weekly Arkansas Gazette, was signed, “Sarasin & Kramer.”
38. “F. Baer” appears in a search of records in National Park Service. U.S. Civil War Soldiers, 1861-1865 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2007. According to a history of the Capitol Guard, “F. Bear” was a member of the Guard who left just before it was incorporated into the Confederate Army. Another soldier, this one named George Baer, was in Company A of the Arkansas Sixth Regiment (the former Capitol Guard). He was killed in action on June 27, 1864 at the battle of Kennesaw Mountain in Georgia. His relation to Ferdinand Baer, if any, is not known. Collier, First In – Last Out, p. 115.
39. See “Pioneer Merchant of the City
Succumbs.” Arkansas Gazette,
December 29, 1919, p. 2 and
“Funeral of
Pioneer Business Man Tuesday.” Arkansas
Democrat, December. 29, 1919, p.1. Also see Fay
Hempstead. 1911. Historical Review of
Arkansas, vol. 2. Lewis Publishing co. p. 753-754 (Available at https://books.google.com/books?id=Sz9EAQAAMAAJ
).
Kramer was, at least briefly, a partner in
this tannery, as shown in an advertisement published in the Arkansas Gazette on March 8, 1862. It stated:
Wanted: A good tanner and currier, to whom the best wages will be given.
Enquire at the Tan Yard of Geyer & Kramer.”
40. “Jos. C Schader. Pioneer Resident Passed Away Yesterday.” Arkansas Democrat, Nov. 14, 1902 p. 2.
41. See http://www.chrisanddavid.com/wilsonscreek/roles/SOLDIERSWOODRUFF.html
42. “Chas. F Penzel Passed Away This Morning.” Arkansas Democrat, Feb. 17, 1906, p. 1 and “Charles F. Penzel Died Suddenly.” Arkansas Gazette, Feb. 17, 1906, p. 1.
43. Henry Fisher (Fischer) was born in 1818 in Altenburg, Saxony. He emigrated to Arkansas in 1837 and married Anna Catherina George on Feb. 14, 1839. She was a member of the George family (Loui George's sister) that had emigrated to Little Rock in 1833. Henry and Catherina named their first son, born in 1840, Henry.
Henry Fisher Sr. died on June 13, 1868 leaving a large family behind. “Died.” Daily Arkansas Gazette, June 16, 1868, p. 3.
44. This draft letter was written in Penzel’s own hand in his Wanderbuch, which he must have carried with him when he was a soldier. Remarkably it was written in English even though German was the native language of both him and Henry Sr. According to a history of the Capitol Guards, Henry Miller was “killed on his feet” in fierce fighting early on December 31, 1862 during the battle of Murfreesboro (also known as the Battle of Stones River). During the same day of fighting, Peter Hotze, another German immigrant from Little Rock, was wounded when he was “blown off his feet” by an artillery shell and Capt. John Fletcher, who was commanding Company A, was shot in both legs. Calvin L. Collier. 1961. First In – Last Out: The Capital Guards, Pioneer Press (Little Rock), pp. 60 – 65.
45. Chas. F Penzel Passed Away This Morning. Arkansas Democrat, Feb. 17, 1906, p. 1.
46. See J.D. McClatchy (interviewer).
“Charles Wright. 1989. The Art of Poetry No. 41.” The Paris Review, issue 113, Winter. (accessed on-line).
47. The naturalization papers are in the following collection: Penzel, Charles F. papers, Arkansas State Archives, Little Rock, Arkansas.